![[dr-johnsons-london.jpg|250]] - Author: [[Liza Picard]] - Published: [[2000]] - Links: - [Publishers website](https://www.weidenfeldandnicolson.co.uk/titles/liza-picard/dr-johnsons-london/9781780226491/) - [LibraryThing](https://www.librarything.com/work/8619) - Started: [[2024-11-29]] - Finished: [[2024-12-18]] - Rating: 76 - [[∙Melvil Decimal System (DDC)]] - [[9 - History and Geography]] - [[942 - England and Wales]] - [[942.1 - London]] - [[942.10 - Historical periods; Modified standard subdvisions of London]] - [[942.107 - 1714-1837, Period of House of Hanover]] ## New Words - Nosegay - a small bunch of flowers, typically one that is sweet-scented. - Coffle - A **coffle**, sometimes called a **platoon** or a **drove**, was a group of enslaved people (or animals) chained together and marched from one place to another by owners or slave traders. - mountebank - a person who deceives others, especially in order to trick them out of their money; a charlatan. - Historical: a person who sold patent medicines in public places. - dentifrice - a paste or powder for cleaning the teeth. - "here's a dentifrice with real action" ## Notes and Highlights ### 2. London and Westminster After the [[Great Fire of London]] there was a golden opportunity to rebuild [[London]] into a better metropolis, with improved organisation. But there was pressure to get everything rebuilt quickly to restore trade. So the opportunity was lost. There was a little bit of straightening and widening, but the London after the fire was “still comfortably recognisable to a former resident”. (P9) --- “It was the legal duty of every citizen to pave the street up to the centre line of the street in front of his house.” This was done to varying quality. This is one of the many reasons why London’s streets were troublesome to carts and walkers. A visiting Frenchman said ‘it is scarce possible to find a place to set ones foot. A loose stone in a pavement under which water lodges and on being trod upon squirts it up, to the great detriment of white stockings.’ These were known as a ‘beau-trap’. (P10-11) --- > The swinging signs that look so quaint in old prints, and which still survive outside village [[pub]]s, were declared illegal in [[1760]]. 'How comfortless must be the sensations of an elderly female, stopped in the street on a windy day, under a large old sign loaded with lead and iron in full swing over her head, and perhaps a torrent of rain and dirty water falling from a projecting spout', mused [[Jonas Hanway]], the man who popularised umbrellas. No umbrella would help if the sign fell on her." Instead, the signs were fixed flat on the façade of the building, ancestors of today's shop fascias. (P13) --- ### 3. Water One of the reasons for London’s poor paving was water pipes that were made out of [[elm]] wood. The tree didn’t grow straight, so pipes were around seven feet long before they had to be joined to another. These joins were unreliable and often leaked. Even at their best, these wooden pipes lasted 20 years. As a result, the streets of London were constantly being lifted to mend or refit pipes (and by different companies too, with each one having their own pipes). Londoners complained that the paving was rarely put back properly. (P22-23) ### 4. Traffic I didn’t realise that ‘chairs’ were so common in the [[1700s]] – I thought it was all coaches and carriages. Being carried around by ‘chair-men’ seems like something from ancient Greece or Rome. But apparently not. And there were advantages to them over coaches: - They’re allowed on footpaths. - They could pick you up right at your door. Or in your house if there was room. - Coaches were loud and slow. Chairs were more nibble and quieter. - There were arguably more comfortable. (P26-27) --- One foreign visitor noted that whilst the English lower classes were rude and violent, these same traits didn’t transfer to the road so much. There were surprisingly few traffic accidents and drivers were good at giving way. (P32) --- ### 5. Green Spaces London’s largest [[Royal Park]], [[Hyde Park]], had a spot where soldiers were shot for [[desertion]]. It was also a popular place for [[duels]]. (P35-36) --- An elephant was given to the King in [[1763]] and was kept in [[St James’s Park]]. What a sight that must have been. You’re on your Sunday walk and you see an elephant and its handler wander by. (P38) --- [[St James’s Park]] had a slightly shady reputation (and still does). In [[1773]] there was an official clean-up campaign. ‘Gamesters and other loose and idle persons’ were removed. (P38-39) --- ### 8. The Welfare System > “Resolve not to be poor: whatever you have, spend less. Poverty is a great enemy to human happiness; it certainly destroys liberty, and it makes some virtues impracticable and others extremely difficult.” – Samuel Johnson --- There was something of a [[welfare]] system. Charity was offered via the parish. But you had to prove ‘settlement’ to that parish. Some parishes had more money that others. So it wasn’t unknown for [[pregnant women]] to feel the pains of labour and nip over to another, richer parish to give birth. They’d abandon the baby and trust it to the authorities. It wasn’t unknown for the parishes to push the woman back over the parish boundary. Parishes could be corrupt. Spending the money that should have been going to the poor on feasts. They also might pay a poor bachelor to marry one of their poor women, taking them off their ‘books’. (P57-58) --- If you received parish [[charity]] you were supposed to wear a badge in your right sleeve with the initial of the parish. This was bitterly resented, as you might expect. (P63) --- ### 12. Work > '[[Orphans]] who are in a vagabond state or the illegitimate children of the poorest kind of people are said to be sold for twenty or thirty shillings, being a smaller price than the value of a terrier." Their buyers were [[chimney sweeps]], who contracted to get chimneys clean by the labour of their climbing boys.³ Girls, too, were sometimes used, being admirably puny. Master chimney sweeps took as many as four children at a time to do the dirty work, since none of them lasted very long, soot being carcinogenic. > > In [[1785]] [[Jonas Hanway]] estimated that there were about 550 climbing children in London. They were sometimes sent up even when the chimney was on fire. Extinguishing burning chimneys was the most profitable part of their master's business. They worked in soot and slept on soot, and had no way of cleaning themselves. Besides cancer, soot caused eye infections. During the summer, when few people thought of getting their chimneys swept, the master sweeps went off to the country and made no provision for their boys, leaving them to scrape a living somehow. (P101) --- > The life of a skilled or unskilled man or woman in the middle of the eighteenth century was unenviable. Hours were long, from five in the morning till seven at night from mid-March to mid-September, otherwise dawn to twilight, with one and a half hours off for meals," for a six-day week. Christmas, Easter and Whitsun were the only official holidays, plus the eight 'hanging days' a year when the London journeymen went to watch the executions at Tyburn. No wonder that their only day off on Sunday tended to be more riotous than the middling sort of people approved. And there was one saving grace: 'Saint Monday'. In theory this was a holiday only observed on 25 October, St Crispin's day, and only by the shoemakers, whose patron saint he was, but with a peculiarly English pragmatism St Crispin had adopted all workers, and his day had spread to include every Monday, 43 'In a moderate calculation above 2,000 artificers, journeymen and labourers absent themselves from their work on Mondays' because they had gone back to the pub for a 'hair of the dog'. (P110) --- ### 13. Slaves, Servants and Domestic Work [[Footmen]] existed largely to show off their employers wealth. They didn’t do too much (unlike the overworked [[housemaids]], [[laundrymaids]], and [[charwomen]]). They would wait the tables and clean the silver. But mostly they were there to look impressive, with their strong builds and fancy outfits. They were known as ‘fart catchers’, ‘from their walking behind their master or mistress’. (P119) If you attended dinner at a wealthy persons house you were expected to give tips or ‘vails’ to the servants. It became cheaper to eat a slap-up meal at a tavern than eat for free at a wealthy house due to having to tip all the footmen. The footmen in particular got too big for their boots. If you didn’t tip at all or well enough, when you came back they would take your plate before you’d finished. This tip culture became too much, and the custom of giving ‘vails’ largely died out. (P121) --- ### 14. Amusements The French called [[gin]] ‘eau de genievre’, juniper water. The English struggled with the pronunciation though and called it ‘geneva’ (so nothing to do with the Swiss city). With time that was shortened to ‘gin’. (P124) By [[1750]] every fourth house in the parish of[[ St Giles]] sold gin. As did every eighth house in [[Westminster]]. (P124) --- > “The populace has other amusements... such as throwing dead dogs and cats and mud at passers-by on certain festival days. Another amusement which is very inconvenient to passers-by is [[football]]... in cold weather you sometimes see a score of rascals in the streets kicking at a ball and they will break panes of glass and smash the windows of coaches and also knock you down without the smallest compunction: on the contrary they will roar with laughter.” > > “The English are very fond of a game they call [[cricket]]. For this purpose they go into a large open field and knock a small ball about with a piece of wood. I [a visiting Frenchman] will not attempt to describe this game to you, it is too complicated: but it requires agility and skill and everyone plays it, the common people and also men of rank.” (P126-127) --- ### 15. Crime and Punishment > Children learned [[pickpocketing]] early. There were advantages in training them young, not only because they could go where adults could not, but because until they were seven they could not be found guilty of a crime punishable by death, so the risk of their teacher losing the benefit of his training was less. Between the ages of seven and fourteen, children could be executed only where there was 'strong evidence of malice', but over fourteen they were as liable to the death penalty as anyone else. (P133) --- By the 1700s London’s [[prisons]] had been privatised by the Crown for many centuries. “Gaolers and turnkeys made a good living out of them.” They could make a prisoners life misery, unless they paid them of course. They were under no obligation to feed, clothe them or give them bedding. Poor prisoners relied on charities. They’d often have to [[beg]]. Yes, beg. They would beg through bars that were public facing. Or lower boxes down from their cells. (P145-147) --- > **The [[pillory]]**. This could involve anything from death by stoning to release with money. The publisher of number 45 of the North Briton, ill-advisedly sentenced to be pilloried during the Wilkes saga, was 'received by the acclamation of a prodigious concourse of people', who passed the hat round for him and raised 200 guineas. Three old men were pilloried for perjury. 'Their tears and grey hairs drew compassion from the people and instead of being pelted money was collected for them.' But mob feeling might veer the other way. (P146) --- ### 16. Dentistry, Health and Medical Care If you were rich and had lost a [[tooth]] you could get a transplant (only of the single-rooted from teeth though) from a poor person. The tooth had to be of similar size and shape. So usually a few donors would be used until one was found that fit. The donors would walk away with one less tooth, but a little richer. (P155) --- > “50-60% of London-born children died before the age ten, especially under two.” (P156) --- “A London-born child who had survived into adolescence had acquired a wide spectrum of immunity.” Country kids who moved to the city had no such immunity, and dropped like flies. (P160) --- ### 18. A Woman’s World In the [[1700s]], the legal age of marriage was 12 for a girl, and 14 for a boy. (P188) --- Until [[1753]] there no legal formality required to get [[married]], other than a declaration by each party that they wanted to get married. Abductions of heiresses by fortune-hunters became common enough that in [[1753]] the Clandestine Marriage Act came in. After that, notice of intention to marry had to be declared in the parish church on a Sunday for three times before they wed. This have people warning and time to object to a marriage. [[Scottish law]] was different though, and many a couple eloped just across the border – they just needed a witness. The first settlement over the boarder was a smithy at [[Gretna Green]]. (P188-189) --- The rich had so many [[servants]], who were constantly coming and going, that they didn’t have much privacy. The Duke of Newcastle decided to have an encounter with a noble lady in her box at the opera, as it was most private. (P189) --- The word ‘[[dessert]]’ comes from the French ‘deservir’, which meant ‘to clear the table’. That’s because the guests would leave the room and table would be cleared whilst dessert was brought out. (P194) --- In the 1700s [[Port (drink)]] wasn’t fortified like modern port. It was called port because of where it came from (Portugal? A port?). (P196) --- In the [[1700s]] you might have [[breakfast]]. And it would consist of little more than a slice or two of bread, muffins or French rolls. If [[dinner]] was late (dinner was usually had somewhere between 15:00 and 16:00) then you might have a mid-morning snack (‘luncheon’). [[Samuel Johnson]] advised that you should have “as much food as one’s hand can hold”. --- It was the fashion for wives not to have [[sex]] with their husbands until after they had stopped [[breastfeeding]]. This could be two years. (P197) ### 19. The Middling Rank of Men Clubs were common in the 1700s. When you use the phrase ‘club together’ (‘we clubbed together to rent a room’), it comes from the meaning of club. (P197) --- [[Gambling]] was rife among the upper classes. They would bet on anything. When a man fell down apparently dead outside [[Brook’s]] club, the members betted on whether he was really dead. The suggestion that they should check on him was considered poor taste, as it would affect the outcome of the bet. So they left him. (P207) --- > John Broughton offered tuition in [[boxing]] at his house in the Haymarket, 'and [so] that persons of quality and distinction may not be debarred from entering into a course of those lectures they will be given the utmost tenderness, for which reason mufflers [boxing gloves] are provided that will effectually secure them from the inconveniency of black eyes, broken jaws and bloody noses'. These muffled gentlemen were unlikely, however, to join in Broughton's Battles Royal, in which a champion took on seven at the same time, single-handed.46 The fights took place on an unfenced platform, with several rows of seating for gentlemen, separated from the platform by a gap where the plebs stood, their eyes on a level with the boxers' feet. In one famous fight, 'no less was taken than £300 to see these combatants, who fought as long as they could lift their arms'. 'Many thousands have depended upon a match. (P208) --- [[Cricket]] was interesting in 1700s and beyond for how it ignored class barriers. In 1744 [[Lord John Sackville]] played on the same team as John Rumney, his gardener. (P208) --- ### 22. Parties of Pleasure Just as a certain sort of person fears that [[video games]] corrupt the youth and encourage bad behaviour, in the 1700s there was similar fears about plays. One called *The Beggar’s Opera* had a highwayman main character. However, as [[Samuel Johnson]] said about it: no man “was ever made a rogue by being present at its representation.” (P258) --- ## Index - [[Abortion]], 77 - [[Road accidents]], 32 - [[Accommodation]]: rented, 64, 66, 230-1 - [[Act for the Relief of Debtors (1759)]], 74 - [[John Robert and William Adam (architects)]], 47 - [[Adultery]], 281 - [[Advice books]]: on health and medicine, 165-6 - [[Aged, the]] see - [[Old people]] - [[Almack’s club]], 207 - [[Almshouses]], 85 - [['Alsatias']], 44 - [[Alum]]: used to whiten bread, 64-5, 312n5; to preserve teeth, 154; as deodorant, 228 - [[America]]: transportation of criminals to, 147-8; emigration of women to, 185-6; visits of Indian chiefs from, 253 - [[Amusements]]: of the poor, 123-32; of the middling sort, 206-14; of the rich, 280; see also - [[Leisure]]; - [[Sports and pastimes]] - [[Anatomising of executed criminals]], 144 - [[Duchess of Ancaster]], 291 - [[Animals]]: in town, 13-14, 16-17; in parks, 37; baiting of, 125-6; see also - [[Menageries]] - [[Anne of Denmark, wife of James I]], 50-1 - [[Admiral Lord Anson]], 294 - [[Aphrodisiacs]], 166, 168 - [[Apothecaries]]: in hospitals, 98-9; treatment by, 171 - [[Apprenticeship]]: by parish, 59-60; for middling sort, 181 - [[Architecture]]: and design, 232 - [[Aristotle’s Masterprece]], 214 - [[Dr Armstrong (Dispensary for the Relief of the Infant Poor)]], 96 - [[Army]]: as profession, 205-6 - [[Arsenic]]: in paint, 234; and wallpaper, 346n18 - [[Arthur’s (club)]], 260 - [[Hugh Audley]], 17 - [[Princess Augusta of Wales]], 26, 243, 247, 257, 279 - [[Babies and infants]], 158-9; and venereal disease, 162; dress, 174; See also - [[Childbirth]] - [[Badger baiting]], 126 - [[Badges (worn by parish paupers)]], 63 - [[Bagnios and brothels]], 211-12 - [[Bailiffs]], 74 - [[Ball games]], 126-7 - [[Balls and assemblies]], 259-61 - [[Bankruptcy]], 75 - [[Barges]], 34 - [[Lord Bath]], 277 - [[Baths and personal hygiene]], 227-8 - [[Dr William Battie]], 164 - [[Bear baiting]], 126 - [[Bedbugs]]: in hospitals, 92, 99; homes, 117 - [[John Russell, Duke of Bedford]]: complains to water company, 22; payment for water supply, 24; balls, 261 - [[Bedlam (Hospital of St Mary of Bethlehem)]], 90 - [[Beds]], 238 - [[Beer]], 66, 124 - [[Begging and beggars]]: children, 71, 102 - [[Benefit of clergy]], 141, 147 - [[Berkeley Square]], 18, 308n15 - [[Berners Street]], 6 - [[Berry Bros & Rudd (wine merchants)]], xx - [[Betting and gambling]]: in St James's Park, 37, 39; by the poor, 131; by the middling sort, 206-10; by the rich, 281 - [[Billingsgate market]], 5, 33 - [[Bishop’s Gate]], 9 - [[Black guards]], 102, 179 - [[Blackfriars Bridge]], 21-2, 43 - [[Blood-letting]], 91, 170 - [[Bloomsbury Square]], 16 - [[Board wages]], 122 - [[Boats]], 34; see also - [[Watermen]] - [[Books]]: children’s, 174-5; see also - [[Libraries]] - [[James Boswell]]: as source (- [[Journal]] and - [[Life of Samuel Johnson]]), xviii; and prostitutes, 211, 212, 213, 230; travels by stage coach, 31; fear of highwaymen, 134; contracts gonorrhea, 162; wine drinking, 196; attends club, 200; on cockfighting, 209; shaving and wig-dressing, 227; rent for lodgings, 230-1; at theatre, 256; Scottish accent, 267 - [[Bottle Hoax (1749)]], 255 - [[Bow Street magistrates court]], 139 - [[Bowing]], 203-4 - [[Box clubs]], 73, 75 - [[Boxing (pugilism)]], 126, 208 - [[William Boyce]], 205 - [[Boyhood]], 177-8 - [[Boys]]: as servants, 118-19; amusements, 127; see also - [[Children]] - [[Captain Dudley Bradstreet]], 125 - [[Joseph Bramah]], 46 - [[Branding (burning in the hand)]], 141, 147 - [[Breach of promise of marriage]], 198 - [[Bread]], xix, 64-5, 312n5 - [[Breakfast]], 195 - [[Breast-feeding]], 78 - [[Breasts]], 215, 217 - [[Bridewell (prison)]], 212 - [[Bridges]] see - [[London Bridge]]; - [[Westminster Bridge]]; - [[Blackfriars Bridge]] - [[Bristol, HMS]], 110 - [[British Museum]], 2-3, 252-3 - [[Bronchitis]], 164 - [[Brook Street]], 18 - [[Brothels]]: homosexual, 102; recruitment to, 121; pay protection money, 138; operation of, 211-13 - [[John Broughton (pugilist)]], 208 - [[Lady Browne]], 135, 137 - [[Elizabeth Brownrigg]], 44, 59-60 - [[Prince of Brunswick]], 255 - [[Buckingham House (later Palace)]], 50-1, 290, 355n4 - [[Bull baiting]], 126 - [[Bullock hunting]], 125-6 - [[Mary Bunce (multiple brothel-keeper)]], 212 - [[Burlington House, Piccadilly]], 7, 259 - [[Fanny Burney]], 272 - [[John Bush (Johann Busch, nurseryman)]], 243 - [[Business]]: conduct of, 199-201 - [[Butlers]], 119 - [[Lord Byron]]: tried for murder, 266, 284-5 - [[Dr William Cadogan]], 161 - [[Calendar reform]], 182, 271 - [[Canada]]: war with French in, 37-8; emigration of women to, 185 - [[Candles]], 120, 238 - [[Canes (walking)]], 223 - [[Capital punishment]], 143-4, 147 - [[Caps (women’s)]], 219, 221, 225 - [[Cards (playing)]], 191, 196 - [[Caroline, wife of George II]], 287 - [[Princess Caroline]], 288 - [[Carpets]], 236 - [[Carriages]]: hired, 28-9; private, 29; horseless, 32-3 - [[Lady Carteret]], 280 - [[Carts]], 30 - [[Carving (at table)]], 194-5 - [[Giovanni Jacopo Casanova (de Seingalt)]]: observations in London, xvii; takes sedan chair, 27; on St James's Park, 37, 266; on corrupt trial practices, 140; on brothels, 211; and Teresa Cornelys, 231, 260; rents house, 231; visits Vauxhall, 246; at Drury Lane theatre, 255 - [[Castrati]], 258 - [[Catechism]], 182 - [[Catherine II, Empress of Russia]], 347-8n54 - [[Catholicism]] see - [[Roman Catholicism]] - [[Cattle]]: in streets, 13, 17; in parks, 37, 39; diseases of, 38, 306-7n20 - [[Cavendish Square]]: 6; sheep in, 16 - [[Census]], 1 - [[Ceruse]], 221, 234 - [[Cesspools]], 14-15 - [[Chairs]], 237 - [[Chairs, sedan]] see - [[Sedan chairs]] - [[Chaises]], 30 - [[Chambermaids]], 118 - [[Chamber pots]], 117, 195 - [[William Chambers]]: designs Somerset House, 51; - [[Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture ... and Utensils]], 231-2 - [[Charity]]: impulse giving, 86; by rich, 282; see also - [[Philanthropy]] - [[King Charles II]], 36, 67 - [[Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie)]], 271 - [[Princess Royal Charlotte]]: inoculated, 160 - [[Charlotte, wife of George III]]: uses sedan chair, 27, 290; occupies Buckingham House, 50-1; attends theatre, 255-6; sees - [[The Beggar’s Opera]], 258; at masked ball, 259 - [[Charwomen]], 115 - [[William Chaworth]], 285 - [[Cheapside]], 5 - [[Chelsea Physic Garden]], 7 - [[Chelsea Waterworks Company]], 25, 39 - [[Chesterfield House]], 49, 278 - [[Lord Chesterfield]]: on oral hygiene, 154; on gout and rheumatism, 161; on education of sons, 180; promotes calendar reform, 182, 334n31; on table manners, 194, 266; buys a seat in Parliament, 202; on graceful dancing, 263; art collection, 280 - [[Dr John Cheyne]], 161 - [[Childbirth]]: and midwives, 93, 157-8; and maternity hospitals, 95; advice on, 165-6; among the rich, 282 - [[Child care]], 118 - [[Children]]: of poor, 58-9; employment of, 61, 101-2; begging by, 71, 102; theft of, 71; care of, 118, 158, 166; deaths from gin, 124; criminal, 133-4; execution of, 142; mortality rates, 156, 160; diet, 158-9; diseases, 158-61; of the middling rank: books for, 174-5; dress, 174; games, 174-5; manners, 265-6; see also - [[Boys]]; - [[Girls]] - [[Chimney sweeps]], 101 - [[Chimneys]]: design, 319-20n3 - [[Thomas Chippendale]], 249; - [[The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker’s Director]], 236-8 - [[Ian Chipperfield (stay-maker)]], xix - [[Chocolate-houses]], 199 - [[King Christian VII of Denmark]], 132, 259 - [[James Christie (auctioneer)]], 47 - [[Christ’s Hospital (Bluecoat School)]], 67 - [[The Misses Chudleigh]], 219 - [[Church]]: attendance, 182-3, 188; as profession, 205 - [[City of London]]: defined and described, 2-3; paving, 11; and Thames bridges, 20; parish poor relief in, 57 - [[Clandestine Marriage Act (1753)]], 188-9 - [[John Cleland]]: - [[Fanny Hill]], 214, 231 - [[Clergy]], 205 - [[Clerkenwell workhouse]], 61 - [[Climbing boys]], 101, 319-20n3 - [[Clothes]]: for poor, 71-2; for foundlings, 79; men’s, 201, 222-4; women’s, 215-20; for rich, 280; prices, 295-7 - [[Clubs]]: for the poor, 130-1; for the middling rank, 199-200 - [[Coaches]]: processions of, 31; in royal parks, 37; see also - [[Carriages]]; - [[Hackney coaches]]; - [[Stage coaches]] - [[Eleanor Coade]], 242 - [[Coal]]: shipped from Newcastle (sea-coal), 9; domestic delivery, 45 - [[Coal heavers]], 103, 106-8 - [[Cock fighting]], 209 - [[Cock-and-hen clubs (Chair clubs)]], 131 - [[Coffee-houses]], 199, 231 - [[Coiffures]] see - [[Hairstyles]] - [[Coinage]] see - [[Currency and coinage]] - [[Combinations]] see - [[Trade unions]] - [[Commissioners for the Sewers and Pavements of the City]], 11-12 - [[Commons, House of]]: purchase of membership, 202 - [[Complete Guide to London]], 30 - [[The Complete Letter-Writer]], 187, 267 - [[Condoms]], 197 - [[Conduit estate]], 18 - [[Constables (parish)]], 138 - [[Consumption (tuberculosis)]], 160 - [[Contraception]], 197-8 - [[Conversation]], 269-71 - [[Cooking]] see - [[Food and cooking]] - [[Captain Thomas Coram]], 78, 176, 227, 259, 282 - [[Eunice Coram]], 78 - [[Teresa Cornelys]], 231, 260, 280 - [[Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy]], 205 - [[Corsets]] see - [[Stays]] - [[Cosmetics]], 221-2 - [[Cost of living]], 104, 293-8 - [[Cotton]]: for clothes, 219 - [[Counterfeiters]], 137 - [[Countryside]], 35 - [[Courts of law]]: sittings, 202; see also - [[Trials (criminal)]] - [[Covent Garden]], 8; piazza, 16; market, 190 - [[Covent Garden theatre]], 256 - [[Lady Coventry]]: dies of lead poisoning, 221 - [[Cows]] see - [[Cattle]] - [[Credit]], 73, 248 - [[Cricket]], 127, 208-9 - [[Cries of London]], 71, 102, 191 - [[Crime and punishment]], 133-49; among aristocracy, 283-5 - [[Criminals]]: and slum properties, 43 - [[Crossing sweepers]], 102 - [[Crowder’s Well]], 88 - [[Crown jewels]], 250 - [[Duke of Cumberland]]: walks in St James’s Park, 37; at Ranelagh, 247; adultery with Lady Grosvenor, 281-2, 289; military career, 288 - [[Cupping (therapy)]], 170-1 - [[Currency and coinage]], 293-4 - [[Curtsies]], 264-5 - [[Custom House]], 5 - [[Customs]], 271-3 - [[Lord Dacre]], 121 - [[Dancing]], 261, 263 - [[Samuel Darkin (dentist)]], 153 - [[Alexander Davies]], 17 - [[Death]]: by starvation, 57; of children, 58-9; of poor, 63; causes of, 156-7; see also - [[Funerals]]; - [[Life expectancy]] - [[Death sentence]] see - [[Capital punishment]] - [[Deaths]]: recorded, 1 - [[Debt]]: imprisonment for, 73-5 - [[Deer]]: in parks, 37, 39 - [[Daniel Defoe]], 179 - [[Denmark, King of]] see - [[Christian VII]] - [[Dentistry]], 153-5 - [[Deodorants]], 228 - [[De Saussure, César]] see - [[Saussure, César de]] - [[Desks]], 238 - [[Battle of Dettingen (1743)]], 286 - [[Devonshire House, Piccadilly]], 7 - [[Diamonds]], 220-1 - [[Dinner]], 193-4 - [[Diseases]]: industrial, 108-9, 234-5; of children, 158; see also particular diseases - [[Dispensaries]], 96 - [[Dispensary for the Relief of the Infant Poor]], 96 - [[Dissenting Academies]], 179, 182 - [[Divorce]], 70-1 - [[DIY (Do-It-Yourself)]], 10, 232-3 - [[Doctors (medical)]]: in hospitals, 99; quack, 169, 171; apprentices, 171, 181; treatment by, 171-2; profession, 203; public lectures by, 204 - [[Dogs]], 14; see also - [[Lap-dogs]] - [[Dolls]], 175 - [[Dr Dominicetti]], 168-9 - [[Countess D’Onhoff]], 281 - [[Drainage]] see - [[Sewage and drainage]] - [[Dress]] see - [[Clothes]] - [[Dresses (women’s)]], 218-19 - [[Drury Lane]], 8 - [[Dry cleaners]], 224 - [[Duelling]], 36, 40 - [[Mr Duke (dancing master)]], 261 - [[Dr Melvin Earles]], xix - [[Earthquakes]]: in London, 269-70; in Lisbon, 270 - [[East India Company]]: charitable giving, 81 - [[Easter]]: date of, 182 - [[Ebury (manor)]], 17 - [[Edinburgh, coaches to]], 30 - [[Education]] see - [[Schools]] - [[Electricity]]: for medical treatment, 169-70; in gardens, 243; other possible uses, 332n80 - [[Elephant]], 32, 38 - [[Encyclopedia Britannica]], 159, 241 - [[English as spoken]], 267-9 - [[John Entick]]: - [[New and Accurate History and Survey of London, Westminster and Southwark]], xvii - [[Estates]]: entailed, 281 - [[Etiquette]], 262-6; see also - [[Manners]] - [[Eton College]], 180 - [[John Evelyn]]: - [[Silva]], 22 - [[Executions]], 129-30, 134, 284; conduct of, 143-4 - [[Expectation of life]], 156-7 - [[Eyebrows]], 222 - [[Fabrics]]: for clothes, 219 - [[False teeth]], 153; ordered by post, 155; range of material for, 155-6 - [[Family]]: sizes, 196-7; budgets, 201 - [[Fans]], 219; language of, 265 - [[Fauchard (French dentist)]], 153 - [[Lord Featherstonehaugh (house on Whitehall)]], 49 - [[Female Orphan Asylum]], 83 - [[4th Earl Ferrers]]: tried for murder, 262; executed, 283-4 - [[5th Earl Ferrers]], 284 - [[Ferries]]: on Thames, 20 - [[Fevers]], 160 - [[Henry Fielding]]: as source, xviii; home and court in Bow Street, 8; deplores slums, 43; on workhouses for the poor, 60; and the Marine Society, 81-2; and the Female Orphan Asylum, 83; proposes central servants register, 121; on gin drinking, 124; sentences Bosavern Penley, 128; appointed magistrate, 139; - [[Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbery]], 124; - [[Shamela]], 217; - [[Tom Jones]], 177 - [[Sir John Fielding]], 83, 106, 121, 139, 207, 212 - [[Fire]]: risks of, 46 - [[Fireworks]], 39-40, 280 - [[Fish]]: in water supply, 24 - [[Kitty Fisher]], 211, 294 - [[Fleas]], 117 - [[Fleet prison and district]]: weddings in, 68-70 - [[Food and cooking]]: bread, xix, 64-5; adulteration, 65; and diet, 65-6; prices, 66, 294-6; at Foundling Hospital, 79; shopping for, by the middling sort, 189-92; recipes and cookery methods, 192-4 - [[Football]], 126-7 - [[Footmen]], 119-21 - [[Foreign tours]], 180, 231 - [[Foreign visitors]] see - [[Casanova]]; - [[Franklin]]; - [[Grosley]] and - [[Kalm]] - [[Foreigners]]: charitable aid for, 85 - [[Fortnum and Mason (shop)]], 191 - [[Foundling Hospital]], 78-80, 240, 257, 259, 282; site, 315n6; - [[Instructions to Apprentices]], 315n8 - [[Foundlings]], 58, 77-80 - [[Charles James Fox]], 207 - [[Benjamin Franklin]]: on condition of streets, 10-11; on inadequate lamps, 12; on beer drinking, 66; on transported criminal women, 148; membership of club, 200; linen underwear, 224; works on ‘Saint Monday’, 322n43; on addressing crowds, 334n36 - [[Freakshows]], 251-2 - [[Prince Frederick Augustus (Bishop of Osnaburg)]] see - [[Duke Frederick Augustus of York]] - [[Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales]]: parents’ hostility to, 7-8, 287; travels by sedan chair, 26; buys river barge, 34; death, 228, 286; at pleasure gardens, 246-7; at Handel concert, 257; borrows St James’s Square house, 279; objects to French silk, 280 - [[Freemasonry]], 199, 203 - [[French Language]]: teaching and understanding of, 175-6, 178, 266-7 - [[French, the]]: theatre riot against, 255; rumours of invasion by, 271 - [[Frost Fair (River Thames, 1739-40)]], 33 - [[Funerals]], 75-6, 272-3 - [[Furnished rooms]], 64 - [[Furniture]], 230, 236-8 - [[Gambling]] see - [[Betting and gambling]] - [[Games]]: children’s, 174-5; see also - [[Sports and pastimes]] - [[Gardening]]: for health, 244 - [[Gardens]]: as open spaces, 40-1; attached to houses, 239-40; planning, 241-3; suppliers and nurserymen, 243 - [[Garraway’s (coffee-house)]], 199 - [[David Garrick]], 226, 255, 261 - [[Bamber Gascoyne]], 107 - [[John Gay]]: - [[The Beggar’s Opera]], 258 - [[General Dispensary for the Relief of the Poor]], 96 - [[The Gentleman's Magazine]]: as source, xvii - [[Gentry, titled]]: incomes, 55 - [[King George I]], 287 - [[King George II]]: detests son Frederick, 7-8, 287; Frederick visits, 27; death, 28, 228; walks in park, 37; contributes to Marine Society, 81; orders jubilee masquerade at Ranelagh gardens, 247; in battle, 286; popular view of, 286-7; reign, 286; daughters, 288 - [[King George III]]: on St James’s Park, 38; Buckingham House, 50-1; exercise of royal pardon, 142; coronation, 221; reluctance to wear wig, 225-6; meets Cherokee Indians, 253; attends theatre, 255-6; sees - [[The Beggar’s Opera]], 258; at masked ball, 259; birth, 279; opens Parliament (1770), 282; accession and reign, 286, 288-9; his children, 289; character and qualities, 289-90; dines with Lord Mayor, 290; grants pension to and converses with Johnson, 292 - [[King George IV (earlier Prince of Wales)]], 160, 289 - [[M. Dorothy George]]: - [[London Life in the Eighteenth Century]], xix - [[John Gill (‘Miss Beasley’)]], 212 - [[Gin]], xvi, xx, 64-5, 97, 100, 123-5, 156 - [[Gin Acts]]: (1736), 124, 203; (1751), 125 - [[Girls]]: education of see - [[Schools]] - [[Hannah Glasse]]: - [[Servant’s Directory]], 117-18 - [[Oliver Goldsmith]]: - [[The Deserted Village]], 29 - [[Gonorrhea]], 162 - [[Goodge’s brickworks]], 5-6 - [[Gordon Riots (1780)]], 108 - [[Mr Gough (menagerie owner)]], 252 - [[Gout]], 161 - [[Grand Tour]] see - [[Foreign tours]] - [[Grave robbers]], 136 - [[Great Fire (1666)]], 3, 9 - [[Green Park]], 39-40 - [[Gresham’s Institute]], 68 - [[Gretna Green]], 189 - [[Pierre Jean Grosley]]: as source (- [[A Tour to London]]), xvi; on lack of law enforcement officers, 14; on road accidents, 32; falls asleep in Kensington Gardens, 36; on St James’s Park, 37-8; on Lincoln’s Inn statues, 40; visits Bedlam, 90; sees executed highwaymen on gibbets, 144; on teaching of French in England, 175; on apprentices, 181; attends synagogue service, 183; on manners and behaviour, 195, 265-6; dislikes wine in England, 196; admitted to club, 200; on men’s conduct of business, 201; bagnios, 211; on prostitutes, 211; and women’s fashion, 217, 225; on London dirt, 224; lodgings, 231; on maintaining lawns, 240; on English seriousness at pleasure gardens, 246; on shopping, 248; on British Museum, 253; on theatre, 254; confused by English language, 267-8; on smuggled French silk, 280; on accepting gambling losses, 281; describes trial of Lord Byron, 285 - [[Grosvenor estate]], 17-18 - [[Lady Henrietta Grosvenor]]: adultery with Duke of Cumberland, 281-2, 289 - [[Lord Grosvenor]], 281-2 - [[Lady Mary Grosvenor (née Davies)]], 17-18 - [[Sir Thomas Grosvenor]], 18 - [[Grosvenor Square]], 6, 48 - [[Guild of Master Bakers]], xix, 312n5 - [[Guy Fawkes night]], 127 - [[Thomas Guy]], 91 - [[Guy’s Hospital]], 5, 91-2, 99 - [[John Gwynn]], 31 - [[Nell Gwynn]], 146 - [[Hackney coaches]], 28 - [[Hairstyles]], 27, 224-5 - [[Hamley’s toy shop]], 174 - [[Hampstead]]: as leisure area, 35 - [[George Frederick Handel]]: music for the royal fireworks, with rehearsal, 39, 257; - [[Judas Maccabeus]], 81; Portuguese wine-making may have caused death, 196; statue in Vauxhall, 245; life and works, 257-8 - [[Hanging in chains]], 144 - [[Hangings]] see - [[Executions]] - [[Hangmen]], 130 - [[Hanover]], 175, 287 - [[Hanover Square]], 18 - [[Jonas Hanway]], xvii, 13, 58-9, 81, 83-4, 101, 122 - [[Captain Thomas Hanway]], 81 - [[Lord Hardwicke]], 188-9 - [[Lord Harley]], 25 - [[Hartshorne Lane Water Company]], 24 - [[Harvest workers]], 111 - [[Hats]]: men’s, 227; etiquette of, 262-3; caps, 284 - [[Hatters]], 108, 227 - [[Francis Hayman]], 258-9 - [[Health]], 156-73; through gardening, 244 - [[Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I]], 51 - [[Hernias]], 86, 161-2 - [[Lord Hervey]], 156 - [[Highwaymen]], 134-5; women as, 186 - [[Dr John Hill]]: - [[Old Man’s Guide to Health and Longer Life]], 244 - [[Henry Hoare]], 91 - [[William Hogarth]]: portrait of Coram, 78; designs uniforms for Foundling Hospital children, 79; paints supper boxes at Vauxhall, 245; designs trade cards, 249; as governor of Foundling Hospital, 259; - [[Analysis of Beauty]] (book), 72; - [[Beer Street]], 124; - [[The Cockpit]], 209; - [[The Enraged Musician]], 26; - [[Evening]], 35; - [[The First Stage of Cruelty]], 63; - [[The Four Stages of Cruelty]], 126; - [[Gin Lane]], 63, 73, 124, 131, 308n1; - [[The Good Samaritan]], 259; - [[A Harlot’s Progress]], 121, 222; - [[The March to Finchley]], 259; - [[Marriage a la Mode]], 169, 181, 220, 225, 232; - [[Morning]], 177, 199, 220; - [[Night]], 10, 203; - [[Noon]], 226; - [[Pool of Bethesda]], 259; - [[Rake’s Progress]], 90; - [[The Reward of Cruelty]], 204, 284; - [[The Sleeping Congregation]], 183; - [[Times of Day]], 259 - [[Holidays]], 109-10 - [[Homes]], 64 - [[Homosexuality]]: brothels, 102; sodomites pilloried, 129 - [[Hoops (petticoats)]], 27, 217-18, 342n20 - [[Horse Guards parade]], 7 - [[Horses]], 10, 12-13, 28, 199 - [[Hospitals]], 3, 88-96; governors and administration, 96-100; efficacy, 100; see also individual hospitals - [[Household remedies]], 167, 212 - [[Housemaids]], 117-18 - [[Houses]]: middle-sized, 44-6; small, 44; regulations for, 46; leases, 47-8; for the rich, 47-8, 278-9; see also - [[Mansions]] - [[Housework]], 115-19 - [[John Howard]], 92 - [[Huguenots]]: charitable aid for, 85; status as aliens, 182-3 - [[John Hunt]], 14-15 - [[John Hunter]], 155 - [[William Hunter (surgeon)]], 204 - [[Hyde Park]], 35-6 - [[Hygiene (personal)]], 227-8 - [[Illness]]: among the poor, 88-90; see also - [[Fevers]]; - [[Industrial diseases]]; - [[Kwashiorkor]]; - [[Rickets]]; - [[Scurvy]] - [[Immigrants]]: charitable aid for, 85 - [[Incomes]]: and occupation, 55, 105-6, 202, 204; see also - [[Poor, the]]; - [[Wages]] - [[Indians (North American)]], 253 - [[Infant mortality]], 58-9 - [[Inns of Court]], 40, 179, 203 - [[Inoculation]] see - [[Smallpox]] - [[Insanity]]: hospitals for, 89-90 - [[Irish]]: poor in London, 63; unemployed, 103; agreed wage rates, 104 - [[Ironing]], 116-17 - [[Jewellery]], 220-1, 279-80, 297 - [[Jews]]: aid for immigrants, 85; status as aliens, 182-3 - [[Jockey Club]], 200 - [[Samuel Johnson]]: in London, xviii; compiles - [[Dictionary of the English Language]], xv-xvi; bad manners, xv; on driving in Post-chaise, 29; travels by stage coach, 30-1; on horseless carriages, 33; on the poor, 57, 60; on deaths by starvation, 57; visits Bedlam, 90; on slavery, 113; on gin, 123; dismisses efficacy of Dominicetti’s fumigation, 168-9; disapproves of periodic bloodletting, 170; on Methodism, 184; on marriage and celibacy, 185; attends clubs, 200; indifference to personal cleanliness, 227; praises Ranelagh pleasure gardens, 247; defends - [[The Beggar’s Opera]], 258; on Boswell’s accent, 267; on English speech, 268; granted pension by George III, 292; writes for Gentleman's Magazine, 314n51; employs negro servant, 323n5; - [[Irene]] (play), 223 - [[Johnson (servant)]]: shot by Earl Ferrers, 283 - [[Jonathan’s (coffee-house)]], 199 - [[Justices of the Peace]], 138-9 - [[Per Kalm]], xvi, 35, 42, 45, 102, 239, 242, 246, 250 - [[Revd Dr Keith]], 70 - [[Kensington Gardens]], 36 - [[Kensington Palace]], 50 - [[William Kent]], 49 - [[Kew]]: Royal Botanic Gardens, 243 - [[Kidnapping]], 136-7 - [[Lord Kilmarnock]], 130 - [[Tom King]]: coffee-house, 199 - [[King’s evil]], 65, 168 - [[Knightsbridge]], 4 - [[Kwashiorkor]], 159 - [[Ladies’ Complete Pocket Book]], 177, 194, 261 - [[Ladies’ Diary or Women’s Almanac]], 177 - [[The Ladies Dispensatory, or Every Woman Her Own Physician]], 165-6 - [[Lady’s maid, duties of]], 118 - [[Lap-dogs]], 219 - [[Laundry work]], 115-17 - [[Lavatories]]: indoor, 45-6, 278; in gardens, 240; public lavatories, 246; lack of, in St James’s Park, 266; in Chesterfield House, 278 - [[Law enforcement]], 14, 138 - [[Lawyers]]: apprentices to, 181; profession, 202-3 - [[Layard (male midwife)]], 93 - [[Leadenhall market]], 190 - [[Leases (building)]], 47-8 - [[Leicester House]], 279 - [[Leicester Fields (Square)]], 7, 15 - [[Libraries, circulating]], 249 - [[Licensing laws]], 124 - [[Life expectancy]], 156-7 - [[Lighting]]: street, 12; domestic, 238 - [[Lincoln’s Inn]], 40 - [[Literacy among the poor]], 68 - [[Literary Club]], 200 - [[Little Theatre, Haymarket]], 255 - [[Livery companies]], 104 - [[Livestock]] see - [[Animals]] - [[Lloyd’s of London]], 199 - [[Lock Hospital, The (for venereal disease)]], 7, 93-4, 162, 257 - [[Locusts]], 269-70 - [[Loddiges, Joachim]], 347-8n54 - [[Lodgings]] see - [[Accommodation]] - [[London]]: population, 3; geographical area, 3-4, 8 - [[London Advertiser]], 113 - [[London Bridge]], 5, 19-20, 23, 33 - [[London Evening Post]], 171, 204 - [[London Hospital, The]], 93, 96, 99, 282 - [[Lord Mayor’s Christmas collection]], 86 - [[Lord Mayor’s procession]], 132 - [[Lotteries]], 131, 209-10, 259 - [[Labour relations]], 104 - [[Loudon (nurseryman)]], 243 - [[Lord Lovat (execution of)]], 226 - [[Love]]: and marriage, 187 - [[Low-Life (anonymous pamphlet)]], xviii - [[Lord Lowther]], 189 - [[Sir James Lowther]], 96 - [[Lud Gate]], 9 - [[Luncheon]], 195 - [[Lying-In Charity for Delivering Poor Women in Their Own Homes]], 96 - [[Lying-in hospitals]] see - [[Maternity hospitals]] - [[McLean (or Maclean; highwayman)]], 143 - [[Magdalen Charity]], 83-5 - [[Mahogany]], 27 - [[Make-up]] see - [[Cosmetics]] - [[Manners]]: at table, 194-5, 266; children’s, 265-6; see also - [[Etiquette]] - [[Lord Chief Justice Mansfield]], 110, 114 - [[Mansions]], 48-9 - [[Mantuas]], 218-19 - [[Manure]], 10 - [[Marine Society]], 81-3 - [[Market gardens]], 35 - [[Markets]], 67, 190; see also individual markets - [[Marriage]]: Fleet weddings, 68-70; women and, 186-8; Lord Hardwicke’s Act, 188; ceremonies, 188-9; legal age of, 188; average age at, 197; among rich, 277; see also - [[Weddings]] - [[Marylebone reservoir]], 25 - [[Mrs Masquier (boarding-school keeper)]], 176 - [[Joseph Massie]]: on family incomes, 55-6, 202, 230; on charity for girls, 83; on pepper consumption, 192; on middle-income household expenses, 196; on merchants’ earnings, 200; on professions, 203-6; and funeral costs, 272; on the rich, 277; - [[Calculations of the Present Taxes ... of each Rank, Degree or Class]], 278 - [[Masturbation]], 166 - [[Maternity hospitals]], 95-6 - [[John Henry Mauclerc]], xx, 349nn35-6 - [[May Day]], 103 - [[May Fair]], 190 - [[Dr Richard Mead]], 92, 159, 171, 203, 232 - [[Measles]], 161 - [[Medicine]]: folk remedies, 88, 167; patent medicines, 167-8; see also - [[Doctors (medical)]] - [[Men]]: and conduct of business, 199-201; clothes, 201, 222-4 - [[Menageries]]: in the Tower of London, 131, 250; private menageries, 252 - [[Mental illness]] see - [[Insanity]] - [[Merchant Taylors’ school]], 67 - [[Merchants and traders]], 200-1 - [[Mercury]], xix, 162-4, 234, 331nn48 and 54 - [[Methodism]], 183-4 - [[Methuen wine]], 196 - [[Middlesex Hospital]], 70, 93, 96, 99 - [[Middleton, Sir Hugh]], 24 - [[Midwifery and midwives]], 93, 95-6, 157-8, 166, 186, 282 - [[Mile End]], 62 - [[Militia]]: patrols in 1745, 14 - [[Milk]], 38, 102-3 - [[Mint, The]], 250-1 - [['Dr' Misaubin]], 169 - [[Mitre Tavern, Charing Cross]], 261 - [[Mobs]]: at public executions, 130; and King, 291 - [[Duke of Modena]], 280 - [[Lady Molesworth (house fire)]], 46 - [[Money (coins and notes)]], 293-4 - [[Monument]], 5, 112 - [[Morality]]: and crime, 133 - [[Peter Moritz (Thames water-wheels)]], 23, 303n29 - [['Morocco men']], 209 - [[Arabella Morris]], 243 - [[Mourning]], 228-9, 273 - [[Leopold Mozart]], 37 - [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], 37, 247 - [[Muffs]], 219 - [[Mumps]], 160-1 - [[Music]], 257-8; see also - [[Oratorios]] - [[Mutiny Act (1720)]], 123 - [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]: allegedly poisoned by arsenic, 346n18 - [[Navy]]: recruits from Marine Society, 81-2; seamen’s tickets, 108; living conditions, 205; as profession, 205-6; prize money, 294, 298 - [[Negroes]]: as slaves and servants, 113-14 - [[New River]], 24 - [[New River Water Company]], 11, 22, 24 - [[New Road, the]], 16 - [[New Theatre, Haymarket]], 255 - [[John Newberry]], 174 - [[Newgate Calendar]]: on Brownrigg trial, 60 - [[Newgate prison]], 5, 145, 183 - [[Newspapers]], xviii - [[Revd James Newton]], 29, 210 - [[Night soil]]: collection of, 14-15, 45 - [[Night wear]], 219, 224 - [[Francis Noble (bookshop and library)]], 249 - [[Duke of Norfolk]], 37, 279 - [[North Briton (journal)]], 146 - [[Northumberland House]], 17, 49, 279 - [[Duke of Northumberland]], 277, 279 - [[Nursery maids]], 118 - [[Nurserymen (‘florists’)]], 243 - [[Nurses]]: in hospitals, 98-100 - [['Oars' (water taxis)]], 34 - [[Occupations]]: and income, 55, 105-6, 202, 204; see also - [[Massie, Joseph]] - [[Old Bailey trials]], 140, 145 - [[Old people]]: charitable aid for, 85-6; health, 172-3 - [[Opera]], 258 - [[Opium]]: as anaesthetic, 172 - [[Oratorios]], 257 - [[Orphans]]: asylums for, 83; sale of, 101 - [[Outdoor relief]], 62 - [[Oxford, coaches to]], 30 - [[Oxford Street]] see - [[Tyburn Road]] - [[Painting and decorating]], 232-4 - [[Palaces, royal]], 50-1 - [[Pardons]], 142-3 - [[Parishes]]: within the Bills of Mortality, 4; and poor relief, 57-8, 61-2, 77; parish constables, 138 - [[Park Lane]] see - [[Tyburn Lane]] - [[Parks]], 35-40, 131; see also individual parks - [[Parties]]: for rich, 280-1 - [[Patches (cosmetic)]], 222 - [[Pattern books]]: French silks, 105; furniture, 232, 236 - [[Paving]], 10-12 - [[Pawnshops]], 73 - [[Pearls]], 220 - [[Peine fort et dur]], 140 - [[Bosavern Penley]], 128 - [[Pensions]]: Johnson and, 291-2 - [[Samuel Pepys]], 14, 100, 121, 171, 227 - [[Perquisites for servants]], 120 - [[Personal hygiene]], 227 - [[Philanthropy]], 77-87 - [[Physic Garden, Chelsea]], 267 - [[Physicians]] see - [[Doctors]] - [[Piccadilly]], 7 - [[Pickpockets]], 130, 133-4 - [[Picture exhibitions]], 258-9 - [[Pillory]], 128-9, 146, 340n70 - [[Pimlico]], 7 - [[William Pitt the Elder]], 3, 113 - [[Francis Place]]: as source, xvi; boyhood, 24, 127, 159, 177-9; father, 131; sisters’ education, 175; hairstyles, 225 - [[Plague]], 3 - [[Plaster work]], 233 - [[Pleasure gardens]], 245-8 - [[Plumbing]]: and burst pipes, 10 - [[Pneumonia]], 164 - [[Elizabeth Pollard (peruke maker)]], 226 - [[Pollution]], 13, 37 - [[Pomfret Castle, Arlington Street]], 279 - [[Countess of Pomfret]], 49 - [[Robert Poole]], 334n31 - [[Poor]]: Massie’s analysis, 56; parish liability, 58, 62; babies, 58; apprentices, 59; workhouses, 60; contracting out, 62; badges, 63; the Irish, 63; death, 63; homes, 64; food, 64; schooling, 66; Fleet weddings, 68; children, 71; clothes, 71; loans, 73; imprisonment for debt, 73; funerals, 75; foundlings, 77; work, 101-12; gin, 123-5; street games and amusements, 125-32; crime, 133-7; influence of Wesley, 183-4; see also - [[Philanthropy]]; - [[Hospitals]]; - [[Slums]] - [[Poorhouses]], 311n7; see also - [[Workhouses]] - [[Population]], 3 - [[Pornography]], 214 - [[Porters]], 103 - [[Portman Square]], 47 - [[Malarchy Postlethwaite]], 3 - [[Dr Percival Potts]]: - [[Treatise on Ruptures]], 162 - [[Mr Powell (Holborn garden supplier)]], 243 - [[Pregnancy]]: plea in criminal trial, 141; advice books on, 165; see also - [[Childbirth]]; - [[Midwifery]] - [[Press-gangs]], 110-12, 257 - [[Prices]], 66, 294-8 - [[Sir John Pringle]], 100 - [[Prisons]]: debtors’, 73-5, 86; conditions in, 145-6; prostitution in the Bridewell at Clerkenwell, 212-13 - [[Prize money]], 294, 298 - [[Processions]], 31, 131 - [[Professions]], 202-6 - [[Property]]: entailing of, 48 - [[Prostitutes]]: recovery of, 83-5; child, 101-2; vengeance on, 127-8; activities, 211, 213-14 - [[Elizabeth Purefoy]], 155, 237-8, 248 - [[Quacks (doctors)]], 169 - [[Quakers (Society of Friends)]]: refusal to observe royal mourning, 182 - [[Elizabeth Raffald]], 192-4 - [[Robert Raikes]], 66 - [[Ranelagh pleasure gardens]]: robberies at, 136; women at, 187; features, 247; songs at, 261; George III enjoys, 290 - [[Elizabeth Raper]], 187 - [[Rathbone Place]], 6 - [[William Redmond]], 242 - [[Rents]] see - [[Accommodation]] - [[Respiratory diseases]], 164 - [[Sir Joshua Reynolds]], 200, 259, 292 - [[Duke of Richmond]], 96, 280, 282 - [[Rickets]], 79, 159 - [[John Rigg]], 171 - [[Riots]], 108, 127-8; theatre, 255-6; see also - [[Mobs]] - [[River traffic]] see - [[Thames]] - [[Road-rage]], 31 - [[Roads]]: new (1756), 16-17; condition of, 31; accidents, 32 - [[Robbers]], 136; see also - [[Highwaymen]]; - [[Thieves]] - [[Robin Hood club]], 130 - [[John Rocque]]: - [[Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster and the Borough of Southwark]], xvii, 4, 25, 41, 85, 91 - [[Roman Catholicism]]: services, 183 - [[Louis Francois Roubiliac]], 245 - [[Round-houses]], 138 - [[Royal Exchange]], 201 - [[Royal Society]], 91 - [[Royalty]], 286-91 - [[Rumour]], 269-71 - [[Lady Caroline Russell]], 176, 219 - [[Russia Company]], 81, 338n9 - [[Sadler’s Wells]], 248 - [[Sailors]]: and marriage, 69-70; wage disputes, 107-8, 291; and press-gangs, 110-12; cheated, 137; prize-money, 291, 294 - [[St Bartholomew’s fair]], 132, 251 - [[St Bartholomew’s Hospital]], 5, 86, 89, 98, 259 - [[St George’s Hospital]], 7, 92-3 - [[St James’s Palace]], 50 - [[St James’s Park]], 7, 36-9, 134 - [[St James’s Square]], 15, 279 - [[St Luke’s Hospital]], 5 - [['Saint Monday']], 110, 322n43 - [[St Paul’s coffee-house]], 200 - [[St Paul’s School]], 180 - [[St Thomas’s Hospital]], 5, 89-90, 98 - [[Lord Sandwich]], 195, 281 - [[César de Saussure]], 68 - [[Earl of Scarbrough]], 18 - [[Scarlet fever]], 160 - [[Scavengers]], 9-10, 18, 179 - [[Schools]]: charity schools, 66-8; day schools for girls, 175; and for boys, 177-8; boarding schools, 178; public schools, 180 - [[Scotland]]: marriage laws in, 189; unpopularity, 256 - [[Scots Corporation]], 85 - [[Scullions]], 118 - [[Scurvy]], 79, 153 - [[Seamen]] see - [[Sailors]] - [[Searchers]]: employed by parish to report cause of death, 95, 157, 159, 160, 169 - [[Sedan chairs]], 7, 26-7 - [[Sentences (penal)]], 143-9 - [[Servants]]: living accommodation, 45; domestic service, 114-22, 189; foreign servants, 207 - [[Settlement (in parish)]], 57-8 - [[Seven Years War (1756-63)]], 81-2 - [[Dennis Severs]], xx - [[Sewage and drainage]], 14-15, 24, 45-6 - [[Sex]]: marital intercourse, 197-8; prostitution, 211; among the rich, 281-2 - [[Shaving]], 227 - [[Shepherd’s Market]], 190 - [[Shirts]], 223-4 - [[Shoes]], 220 - [[Shop signs]], 13 - [[Shoplifting]], 134 - [[Shops and shopping]]: food shops, 189-92; buying from catalogues, 236-7; shopping as a pastime, 248; goods on approval/credit, 248; shop premises, 248-9 - [[Sightseeing]], 250-1 - [[Silk]]: smuggled silks, 104, 280; Spitalfields designs, 219, 223; silk velvet, 223; prices, 296-8 - [[Silk weavers]], 104-5 - [[Silver, domestic]], 238-9 - [[Mme Silvie (maker of teeth)]], 153 - [[Sion House, Middlesex]], 279 - [[Skating]], 37 - [[Slang]], 268-9 - [[Slaves]]: in London, 113-14; Somerset’s Case, 114; in America, 148; cost of, 113, 297 - [[Slums]], 15-16, 42-4 - [[Smallpox]]: inoculation against, 79-80, 95, 159-60, 240; hospitals for, 94-5; among servants, 122; among children, 159; symptoms, 318n29 - [[William Smellie (obstetrician)]], 15, 96, 157-8, 166; - [[Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery]], 95 - [[Eliza Smith]]: home treatment for tuberculosis, 160; cookery recipes and menus, 192, 194-5, 222; cosmetics, 232; - [[Compleat Housewife or Accomplish’d Gentlewoman’s Companion]], 165-6 - [[Smithfield meat market]], 13, 89 - [[Tobias Smollett]]: as source, xviii; on body odours, 31; on bread, 65; on diseased prostitutes, 213; - [[Humphry Clinker]], 23, 65; - [[Roderick Random]], 314n48 - [[Snuffboxes]], 223 - [[Soap]], 115-16 - [[Society of Artists of Great Britain (later Royal Academy of Arts)]], 259 - [[Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge]], 66 - [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]], 66 - [[Soho]]: name, 300n12 - [[Soho Square]]: built, 16; Mrs Cornelys’ house, 260 - [[Duchess of Somerset]], 282 - [[Somerset House]], 50-1 - [['La Soupe']], 85 - [[South Sea Bubble (1720)]], 77, 91 - [[Spas]], 248 - [[Joseph Spence (garden planner)]], 241 - [[Spencer House]], 49, 278 - [[John Spencer, 1st Earl]], 49, 277-8, 290 - [[Spitalfields]], 104-5, 219; market, 190 - [[Sports and pastimes]]: of the poor, 125-7; of the rich, 280-2 - [[Sprinkler carts]], 36 - [[Stage coaches]], 30-1 - [[Star and Garter Tavern, Pall Mall]], 260 - [[Starvation]]: as cause of death, 57 - [[Lord Stavordale]], 207 - [[Stays]], xix, 72, 174, 215-17 - [[Laurence Sterne]], xviii - [[Stockings]], 220, 222 - [[Stone]]: operation for, 171 - [[Strand]], 17 - [[Street vendors]], 102-3, 191-2 - [[Streets]]: layout, 9; cleaning, 9-12; paving, 10-12; lighting, 12; trees in, 15; fashionable, 47-8 - [[James Stuart (‘Athenian’)]], 49, 232; - [[The Antiquities of Athens]], 231 - [[Sunday]]: for the poor, xviii; schools, 66; ‘Sunday men’, 74 - [[Superstition]]: and folk remedies, 88, 167 - [[Surgery]], 100, 171-2; see also - [[Doctors (medical)]] - [[Sutton (inoculator)]], 160 - [[Swallow Street]], 6 - [[Jonathan Swift]], 115 - [[Swimming]], 210-11 - [[Swords]], 223, 297 - [[Syphilis]], 94, 162-3, 330-1n46 - [[Tables]], 237 - [[Tailors]], 105 - [[Talleymen]], 73, 314n44 - [[Tapestries]], 236 - [[Taverns]], 199 - [[Lord Tavistock]], 180 - [[Taxes]], 277-8; see also - [[Window tax]] - [[Teachers and teaching]], 204; see also - [[Schools]] - [[Teeth]]: care of, 153-4; transplanting, 155; babies’ teething, 158; see also - [[Dentistry]]; - [[False teeth]] - [[Teetotalism]]: as cure for gout, 161 - [[Temple Bar]], 4 - [[Lady Temple]], 221, 279 - [[Tenter grounds]], 41 - [[Textiles]] see - [[Fabrics]] - [[Thames, river]]: bridges, 9, 19-22; water-wheels, 19, 23; watermen, 19-20, 33-4; not embanked, 24; frozen, 33, 270; traffic, 33, 34; state occasions and processions on, 34, 280; see also - [[Water supply]] - [[Theatre-going]], 253-7 - [[Thieves]], 36, 133-7; see also - [[Crime and punishment]]; - [[Criminals]]; - [[Highwaymen]] - [[Throwing at cocks]], 126 - [[Tips]] see - [[Vails]] - [[Toothpaste]], 153 - [[Tottenham Court]], 5 - [[Tower of London]], 250; see also - [[Menageries]] - [[Town planning and developments]], 9, 15-18, 44, 47 - [[Toys]], 174-5 - [[Trade unions (‘combinations’)]], 104 - [[Traffic]], 26-34 - [[Transport]] see - [[Traffic]] - [[Transportation Act (1718)]], 147 - [[Transportation (of criminals to America)]], 142-3, 147-8 - [[Trees]]: in streets and courts, 15, 41; in gardens, 241 - [[Trials (criminal)]], 139-41, 285 - [[Trusses]], 86, 109, 162 - [[Tuberculosis]] see - [[Consumption]] - [[Turnpikes]], 31 - [[Twelfth Night]], 127 - [[Thomas Twining]], 191 - [[Tyburn]], 129, 143, 283-4, 325n23 - [[Tyburn Lane (Park Lane)]], 6 - [[Tyburn Road (Oxford Street)]], 6 - [[Jonathan Tyers]], 245-6, 258 - [[Typhus]]: in prisons, 145, 160 - [[Umbrellas]], xvii, 13, 26 - [[Undertakers (funeral directors)]], 204, 272-3 - [[Underwear]]: women’s, 72, 215-18; men’s, 224 - [[Unions (combinations)]] see - [[Trade unions]] - [[Universities]], 182 - [[Urine]]: uses of, 116, 153 - [[Vagabonds]]: accommodation for, 42 - [[Vagrancy Act]], 83 - [[Vails (tips)]], 120-1 - [[John Vardy]], 49 - [[Vauxhall pleasure gardens]]: robberies at, 136; layout and facilities, 245-7; pictures at, 258; songs at, 261 - [[Venereal disease]]: hospitals for, 93-4; among prostitutes, 128, 213; mercury treatment and ‘salivation’, 162-4; patent medicines, 168 - [[Verdigris]], 234 - [[Viagra]], 168 - [[Wages]], 104-6; see also - [[Incomes]] - [[Wagons]], 29-30 - [[Waistcoats]], 223, 264 - [[Wallpaper and wall coverings]], 234-6 - [[Horace Walpole]]: describes London life, xviii; attacked by thieves, 36; disapproves of Adelphi, 47; and servants, 115; encounters highwayman, 135; on popularity of McLean (highwayman), 143; uses alum on teeth - [[Horace Walpole]]: describes London life, xviii; attacked by thieves, 36; disapproves of Adelphi, 47; and servants, 115; encounters highwayman, 135; on popularity of McLean (highwayman), 143; uses alum on teeth, 154; hears Wesley preach, 184; on gambling, 207; on English summers, 245; visits Vauxhall, 246; on Ranelagh jubilee masquerade, 247; on earthquake, 269 - [[Isaac Ware (architect)]], 44-5, 49, 115, 239 - [[Warships]]: classification of, 322n38 - [[Washerwomen]], 115-16 - [[Watch, the]], 14, 138-9 - [[Water supply]], 22-5; lead pipes to houses, 10; water-wheels on the Thames, 19, 23, 303n29; water mains (wooden pipes), 22; undrinkable water, 23; supply to the middling sort, 45; to the poor, 64 - [[Water closets]] see - [[Lavatories]] - [[Water companies]], 11 - [[Watermen]]: complain of London Bridge, 19; and frozen Thames, 33; wage rates, 108; exempt from impressment, 111 - [[Water-taxis]], 34 - [[Weather]], 269-70 - [[Weddings]], 68-70, 271-2 - [[Josiah Wedgwood]], 249 - [[Saunders Welch]], 57, 83 - [[Welfare]]: and poor relief, 57-9 - [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], 214 - [[Mrs Wells (procuress)]], 211 - [[Charles Wesley]], 183 - [[John Wesley]]: medical knowledge, xvii; travels by stage coach, 30; on Kensington Gardens, 36; on workhouses, 61; on treatment for consumption, 160; recommends massage brush, 161; recommends mercury treatment, 163; on medical treatment by electricity, 170; opposes education of girls, 176; ministry and popular appeal, 183-4; hears Handel oratorio, 257; on averting earthquake, 270 - [[West End]]: described, 5-8 - [[Westbourne (river)]], 25 - [[Westminster]]: defined, 15; slums, 15-16; street cleaning, 18 - [[Westminster Abbey]]: tombs, 131, 250 - [[Westminster Bridge]], 20-1, 40, 246 - [[Westminster Hall]], 7, 283, 285 - [[Westminster Hospital]], 91, 99 - [[Westminster School]], 180, 266 - [[Whales]], 33 - [[Whigs]]: dominance, 282 - [[Whipping]], 147 - [[Samuel Whitbread]], 181 - [[Whitehall Palace]], 50 - [[White’s club]], 207 - [[Sir Richard (‘Dick’) Whittington]], 88 - [[Whooping cough]], 161 - [[Wigmore Row]], 6 - [[Wigs]], 72-3, 225-6, 262; theft of, 134 - [[William Wilberforce]], 209, 326n45 - [[John Wilkes]]: fights duel, 36; rules on impressment case, 111; provokes riots, 127; and commitment to pillory, 146; popularity, 289 - [[King William III]], 50 - [[William of Orange]]: marries Princess Anne, 288 - [[Prince William (later King William IV)]]: inoculated, 160 - [[Revd Dr Wilson]], 188 - [[Wind power]], 24 - [[Window tax]], 43, 345n6 - [[Wine]]: as curative, 100; see also - [[Methuen wine]] - [[Wise women]], 77, 88 - [[Women]]: as governors of General Dispensary, 96; sentenced to transportation, 148; masturbation, 166; emigration of, 185-6; in employment, 186; marriage, 186-9; household management, 189-90; family planning, 196-7; gambling, 207; in prison, 212-13; dress and fashion, 215-20; hairstyles, 224-5 - [[Robert Wood]]: - [[The Ruins of Palmyra]], 231 - [[Isaac Maddox, Bishop of Worcester (on inoculation for smallpox)]], 95, 159 - [[Work]], 101-12 - [[Workhouses]], 58, 60-2, 86 - [[Sir Christopher Wren]], 4 - [[York Buildings Water Company]], 24 - [[Duke Edward Augustus of York]], 229 - [[Duke Frederick Augustus of York]], 160, 289 - [[William York (child murderer)]], 142 ### PDF ![[Dr. Johnson's London - Everyday Life in London 1740-1770 by Liza Picard - Index.pdf]]